viernes, mayo 17

Exitoso proceso de vacunación chileno deslumbra al mundo

Chile ha deslumbrado al mundo estos días. El país sudamericano se ha vuelto el campeón latinoamericano en la vacunación contra COVID-19 y está entre las primeras cinco naciones que lideran la inmunización contra el virus.

Desde el inicio de su campaña de vacunación masiva en febrero, Chile ha vacunado a más de 25% de su población y a nivel mundial está sólo detrás de Israel, Emiratos Árabes Unidos y Reino Unido. Y esta nación de 19 millones de personas tiene como meta inmunizar al 80% de sus habitantes para finales de junio.

¿Qué hay detrás del éxito de Chile?

Funcionarios y expertos dicen que la explicación está en negociaciones tempranas y simultáneas con varias farmacéuticas, contactos previos con algunas compañías y un sólido sistema de vacunación que cubre la totalidad de los 4.000 kilómetros de su territorio.

Durante los primeros meses de la pandemia, en 2020, los titulares eran que Chile se había convertido en uno de los países más afectados por el virus en la región, sólo detrás de Brasil y Perú, y abundaban las críticas a las autoridades por ser incapaces de ubicar y mantener aislada a la gente para evitar la propagación del COVID-19.

En paralelo, sin embargo, se desarrollaba otra historia que pocas personas sabían, que había comenzado muchas semanas antes y que tiempo después ayudaría a garantizar el acceso rápido a las vacunas.

El ministro de Ciencias, Andrés Couve, dijo a The Associated Press que las negociaciones formales con las farmacéuticas empezaron en abril, un mes después de que la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) declaró al COVID-19 como una pandemia. Para mayo, comentó, ya le habían presentado al presidente Sebastián Piñera una hoja de ruta con algunos planes para adquirir las vacunas una vez que fueran desarrolladas, y eso incluyó considerar la participación del país en los ensayos clínicos.

Pero una parte de la historia para conseguir las vacunas se remonta a octubre de 2019, en China, dos meses antes de que la nación asiática anunciara los primeros casos del nuevo coronavirus. Ese mes, el doctor Alexis Kalergis, bioquímico y director del Instituto Milenio en Inmunología e Inmunoterapia de la Universidad Católica, acudió con dos colegas chilenos a un congreso internacional de inmunologia en Beijing.

Ahí se reunió con varios colegas expertos, incluidos con algunos de la empresa china Sinovac Biotech Ltd, que muy pronto sería clave para el desarrollo de la vacuna contra el nuevo coronavirus.

Cuando China anunció en enero de 2020 que había identificado un nuevo virus, Kalergis pensó en los expertos de Sinovac a los que vio en Beijing y comenzó a contactarlos

Trabajamos en vacunas y sabemos que el tipo de herramientas de salud que se requiere para una enfermedad de este tipo son justamente las vacunas”, dijo Kalergis a la AP. “Y aprovechando la experiencia, los contactos y el interés que manifestamos fue que se estableció, fue que iniciamos conversaciones con Sinovac”.

El inmunólogo dijo que habló con el rector de la Universidad Católica, Ignacio Sánchez, sobre la necesidad de involucrar al gobierno. Sánchez se reunió con funcionarios de los ministerios de Salud, Ciencias y de la cancillería, a quienes explicó la necesidad de iniciar negociaciones formales lo antes posible. Entonces llegó abril e iniciaron las negociaciones.

A la cabeza de las negociaciones quedó Rodrigo Yáñez, subsecretario de Relaciones Económicas Internacionales. Desde el principio, dijo a la AP, se acordó hablar con distintas compañías, laboratorios e instancias globales, como la ONU, y siempre sin cerrarse a ninguna posibilidad.

Lo central del programa de vacunación en Chile y de la estrategia de búsqueda de vacunas ha sido justamente este pragmatismo, esta flexibilidad”, dijo a la AP. Buscaron siempre, añadió, «distintas alternativas y no poner todos los huevos en la misma canasta”.

En junio, mucho tiempo antes que cualquier país latinoamericano, Chile ya había asegurado un contrato con Sinovac, que se comprometió a hacerle entregas preferenciales una vez que la vacuna fuera autorizada, según contó Kalergis.

Además, en diciembre de 2020, Chile fue parte de los ensayos clínicos de la vacuna de Sinovac con 2.300 personas, en su mayoría personal médico. La nación sudamericana también participó en las pruebas de AstraZeneca, Janssen y de CanSino, otra farmacéutica china.

Actualmente, Chile ha comprado poco más de 35 millones de dosis. Hasta ahora, Sinovac ha prometido 14 millones de dosis, Pfizer 10,1 millones y AstraZeneca cuatro millones, además de que el gobierno adquirió otras 7,8 millones a través del mecanismo internacional Covax, que busca el acceso equitativo de vacunas en el mundo. De momento, las autoridades han invertido 200 millones de dólares y estima inyectar 100 millones más.

A Chile le ha ido tan bien, que la semana pasada donó 20.000 dosis de Sinovac a Paraguay e igual número a Ecuador, para que las usen en el personal de salud.

Para Yáñez, el principal negociador chileno, “es posible perfectamente que el país también de alguna manera articule y triangule… apoyando en la gestión a otros países que tal vez no tienen la capacidad de poder gestionar esta compra”.

Ningún país latinoamericano ha logrado vacunar a tanta gente como Chile. Muy atrás le siguen Brasil, con 4% de su población y Argentina, con cerca de 3%.

Por el momento, las dosis chinas se han vuelto en el pilar del programa de vacunación chileno.

El país recibió en diciembre poco más de 21.000 dosis de Pfizer, menos de las prometidas, y comenzó a vacunar a trabajadores de la salud. Pero en enero recibió las primeras cuatro millones de vacunas de Sinovac y entonces aceleró todo.

El 3 de febrero inició la vacunación masiva y desde entonces Chile ha vacunado casi a diario a más de 100,000 personas, aunque esta semana alcanzó el récord de 415.000 inmunizados en una sola jornada.

El miércoles, el país también alcanzó el récord diario global de 1,3 vacunas por 100 habitantes, seguido por Israel, con 1,04 dosis, según los registros de “Our World in Data”, una plataforma elaborada en conjunto con investigadores de la Universidad de Oxfors y la organización sin fines de lucro “Global Change Data Lab”.

Chile registra más de 885.000 casos confirmados desde el inicio de la pandemia y más de 21.500 fallecidos.

El sistema de atención primaria de salud de Chile es el más importante de Latinoamérica” y durante el proceso de vacunación “ha demostrado su absoluta fortaleza”, dijo a la AP la doctora Mercedes López Nitsche, directora del Programa de Inmunología, de la facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Chile y del programa nacional Núcleo Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia.

Esta no es la primera vez que Chile muestra la fortaleza de su sistema de vacunación: entre marzo y abril de 2020, mientras el virus se extendía en el mundo, el país vacunó a ocho millones de personas contra la influenza.

El subdirector del a Organización Panamericana de la Salud, Jarbas Barbosa, atribuyó el éxito chileno a que “es un país de alto ingreso” y a que tuvo “una buena planificación y utilizó de una manera inteligente los recursos que tiene para hacer acuerdos bilaterales con algunos productores”.

Mario Patiño, un empleado de una agencia de viajes de 75 años, fue uno de los que recibió en febrero la primera dosis de Sinovac en Lo Padro, una comuna pobre de la periferia de Santiago.

Fue todo perfecto, todo rápido, una atención excelente, bien organizado”, dijo el hombre, quien tenía previsto recibir su segunda dosis este fin de semana. Para él, añadió, recibirla vacuna significa “estar más tranquilo”.

Por Agencia

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