Cuando Antonio se unió a las manifestaciones antigubernamentales en Venezuela hace cinco años para protestar contra los apagones diarios y las largas filas para obtener alimentos esperaba ser parte de un movimiento para derrocar a Nicolás Maduro.
En cambio, Maduro se ha mantenido en el poder y Antonio sufrió años de amenazas y extorsión por parte de la policía como represalia, dijo. En abril, después de un sexto intento de extorsión, se unió a un número creciente de venezolanos que huían a Estados Unidos, señaló Reuters.
“Después de años de amenazas de muerte y vivir con miedo constante, tuve que irme”, agregó Antonio por teléfono desde la casa de su hermano en Miami, Florida. “Cada vez era más difícil tener comida y recuerdo que mis padres sufrían mucho por eso. Después empeoró todo con la luz y el agua y fue el punto de quiebre, sobretodo la luz”.
Un número récord de venezolanos ha intentado cruzar la frontera entre Estados Unidos y México en los últimos meses, algunos gracias a la rápida adaptación de las redes de contrabando.
Expulsados de su tierra natal por una profunda crisis económica y lo que muchos han descrito como represión política, los venezolanos a menudo se establecieron inicialmente en otros lugares de América Latina. Pero como la pandemia de coronavirus ha provocado una creciente inestabilidad económica en la región y ha aumentado el resentimiento hacia los migrantes venezolanos, algunos han decidido probar suerte en Estados Unidos.
Más de 17.000 venezolanos llegaron a la frontera sur de Estados Unidos en los últimos ocho meses, más que en los 14 años anteriores combinados, según datos de la agencia de Aduanas y Protección Fronteriza (CBP, por su sigla en inglés) de Estados Unidos. Muchos esperan solicitar asilo.
Eso forma una pequeña parte, pero creciente, de los 900.000 migrantes arrestados o expulsados por funcionarios estadounidenses en la frontera sur desde octubre, la mayoría de ellos de Centroamérica o México.
Antonio dice que cruzó la frontera de Estados Unidos en mayo, luego de pagar 4.000 dólares en costos de viaje y tarifas a los contrabandistas. Recaudó el dinero, una fortuna en Venezuela, con la ayuda de familiares en otros países.
Tomó un autobús a la capital colombiana, Bogotá, desde donde voló a la ciudad turística mexicana de Cancún. Un contrabandista venezolano de Maracaibo, la ciudad natal de Antonio, lo ayudó a pasar ante las autoridades mexicanas.
En Mexicali, le pagó al contrabandista 800 dólares para que lo llevara a Arizona, donde se entregó a la patrulla fronteriza y fue retenido en un centro de detención de migrantes durante seis semanas antes de ser liberado para esperar su audiencia de asilo.
“En los pasos fronterizos hay muchos venezolanos, yo diría que la mayoría. También hay muchos coyotes venezolanos, trabajándoles a los jefes de frontera, así que no fue difícil contactar alguno”, dijo Antonio. Reuters no pudo verificar de manera independiente dicho relato de Antonio.
Diáspora venezolana
Desde 2013, cuando Maduro asumió el cargo, más de 6 millones de venezolanos han huido de una crisis económica que resultó en una escasez crónica de gasolina, agua y medicinas. Las protestas de 2014 y 2017 también provocaron una reacción violenta de las autoridades contra opositores.
La gran mayoría de los migrantes venezolanos se reasentaron en naciones cercanas, como Colombia, Panamá, Ecuador y México.
Pero tras las medidas relacionadas con el coronavirus las economías de esos países se paralizaron, y miles se dirigen a Estados Unidos por tierra, en muchos casos, después de haber recibido información errónea de contrabandistas y otros sobre lo que les espera allí.
En marzo, el presidente de Estados Unidos, Joe Biden, otorgó el Estatus de Protección Temporal (TPS, por su sigla en inglés) a migrantes venezolanos que viven en Estados Unidos, lo que les permite acceder a visas de trabajo y evitar la deportación.
La medida solo beneficia a los venezolanos en Estados Unidos al 8 de marzo. Los expertos en inmigración dicen que la decisión ha causado confusión sobre a quién se aplica y puede ser uno de los varios factores que alimentan la migración.
María Antonietta Díaz, presidenta de la Alianza Venezolana Estadounidense con sede en Florida, dijo a inicios de julio que su oficina había recibido alrededor de 50 mensajes de venezolanos en el último mes que creían que serían elegibles para TPS si llegaban en agosto.
“Hay desinformación”, dijo Díaz. Agregó que también hay “una falsa expectativa de que de alguna manera podrán pedir asilo y es muy fácil”.
En media docena de grabaciones de audio y publicaciones de Instagram revisadas por Reuters, las personas pretendían ofrecer “servicios de guía” a los venezolanos que buscaban llegar a Estados Unidos.
“Aquí en Estados Unidos salió la noticia de que Joe Biden autorizó el ingreso de 500 ciudadanos venezolanos que ingresaron ilegalmente por la frontera”, decía una grabación de audio colgada en la cuenta de Instagram del bloguero venezolano Sergio Vitanza Belgrave el 18 de mayo. “Se les permitirá entrar, recibirán TPS, un permiso de trabajo y asilo humanitario”.
Vitanza, quien dice que vive en Chile y tiene más de 12.000 seguidores, dijo a Reuters que había publicado grabaciones de un “amigo” y que “muchas personas” le habían dicho que sus publicaciones les habían ayudado a llegar a Estados Unidos.
Brian Fincheltub, jefe de asuntos consulares de la embajada venezolana dirigida por la oposición en Washington, dijo que había crecientes redes de contrabando fuera de Venezuela, algunas de las cuales se aprovechaban de los desesperados venezolanos.
Incluso aquellos que normalmente transportan a clientes desde Centroamérica están obteniendo una parte del nuevo negocio.
Antonio, un contrabandista de El Salvador, dijo a principios de julio que había recibido más clientes venezolanos en los últimos cinco meses que nunca. Desde el sur de México cobra 3.000 dólares por llevarlos a la frontera de Estados Unidos, donde les instruye que se entreguen a los agentes fronterizos de Estados Unidos para solicitar asilo.
Por el cruce ilegal más complejo hacia el sur de Texas, cobra 14.000 dólares.
“Cuando llegamos al norte de México, les digo que no hablen porque el cartel con el que trato cobra más por los venezolanos”, dijo a Reuters por teléfono. “Es que ellos tienen más plata (que los migrantes centroamericanos) o al menos tienen familias con dinero si están viajando a los Estados Unidos”.
Otro movimiento
Algunos venezolanos hicieron varios movimientos en su búsqueda de una vida mejor.
Miguel Sánchez, un técnico petrolero de 39 años de la ciudad de Puerto Ordaz, en el sureste de Venezuela, dijo que huyó a Colombia en 2016 después de ser despedido de su trabajo por votar por la oposición. Tras darse cuenta de que el salario era mejor en Panamá, se mudó a la Ciudad de Panamá, donde conoció a su novio, otro venezolano.
Pero una vez que los salarios de los venezolanos indocumentados cayeron durante la pandemia y la pareja se convirtió en el objetivo de las persecuciones policiales y los ataques xenófobos y homofóbicos, dicen, los dos decidieron marcharse a Estados Unidos.
El mes pasado volaron de Panamá a Cancún, un lugar que los migrantes venezolanos dijeron a Reuters que tiene la reputación de tener controles fronterizos menos estrictos que la Ciudad de México. La autoridad de inmigración de México no respondió a una solicitud de comentarios.
Ahora la pareja se encuentra en la ciudad norteña de Reynosa, al otro lado de la frontera con McAllen, Texas; donde esperan en un refugio para solicitar asilo.
“Todo el mundo está saliendo a Estados Unidos ahora, buscando estabilidad. Es que las economías de Latinoamérica están muy golpeadas por la pandemia”, dijo Sánchez.
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