«Te acostumbras. Las paredes tiemblan«, dice Sam, residente de Midland, una ciudad en el oeste de Texas donde la fracturación hidráulica para extraer petróleo y gas, técnica conocida como «fracking», provoca cada vez más sismos.
«Un segundo después se produce otro temblor, como si un camión pasara cerca«, dijo este hombre de 44 años, que no quiso revelar su apellido.
Tres sismos sacudieron el suelo el 4 de febrero.
Esta región de la Cuenca Pérmica, de donde se extrae el 40% del petróleo estadounidense y el 15% de su gas, registró en 2019 nueve movimientos telúricos de magnitud superior a tres, 51 en 2020 y 176 en 2021, según la firma de inteligencia de mercado Sourcenergy.
Lo que provoca los terremotos no es el fracking propiamente dicho, sino la inyección de aguas residuales en los pozos. La Comisión de Ferrocarriles de Texas, que regula las actividades petroleras, debió imponer nuevas reglas sobre la eliminación del agua.
«Que el zorro cuide el gallinero»
Las empresas de perforación deben lidiar con enormes cantidades de agua que surgen durante el fracking y que constituyen cerca del 80% de los fluidos extraídos del suelo.
Se han perforado casi 4.000 pozos específicamente para recoger las aguas residuales en la Cuenca Pérmica.
«A medida que se bombea más y más agua al suelo… se llenan estos espacios«, dijo Joshua Adler, director ejecutivo de Sourcenergy, que ayuda a las compañías petroleras a mejorar la gestión del agua.
«En algunos de esos espacios, hay grietas o fallas geológicas. Uno empuja más y más fuerte y quizás golpea esa falla, lo que puede provocar un deslizamiento y eso es un terremoto«.
Desde 2012, la producción diaria de petróleo se multiplicó por cinco en la Cuenca Pérmica. Por ende también se multiplicaron las inyecciones de agua en los pozos.
«En Oklahoma, básicamente demoraron años y negaron que hubiera algún problema» cuando aumentaron los sismos en la década de 2010, dijo Adler.
Pero en Texas, tan pronto empezaron a aumentar los movimientos telúricos, la Comisión de Ferrocarriles se puso a estudiar el tema y «no esperó a que se convirtiera en un problema gigante«, agregó.
Entre septiembre y enero, estableció tres áreas geográficas en riesgo.
En Gardendale, la más poblada, donde se ubican las ciudades de Midland y Odessa, ordenó a mediados de diciembre suspender las inyecciones profundas de agua en siete pozos.
Luego de otros cuatro sismos de magnitudes de entre 3,1 y 3,7, extendió la medida a otros 26 pozos.
El regulador aguarda propuestas de la industria en las otras dos áreas identificadas, Stanton y Northern Culberson-Reeves.
Pero Neta Rhyne, de 72 años, que vive cerca de Northern Culberson-Reeves, cree que «es como pedirle al zorro que cuide el gallinero«.
«Huele a dinero»
La semana pasada, Rhyne volvió a pedir una audiencia a la Comisión de Ferrocarriles, como lo hace desde 2016, ante nuevas solicitudes para perforar pozos de eliminación de agua en su región, pues teme que un sismo termine afectando una de las piscinas naturales más grandes del mundo alimentada por manantiales surgentes, muy cerca de su casa en el Parque Natural Balmorhea, Toyahvale.
El Departamento de Parques de Texas se negó a responder las preguntas de la AFP, pero la encargada de prensa Stephanie Salinas García reconoció «la preocupación de que los terremotos puedan afectar el sistema surgente«.
«Aquí hay comunidades pequeñas. La gente no quiere causar problemas, no quiere expresar sus preocupaciones«, dijo Rhyne, propietaria de una tienda de buceo cerca de la piscina natural de Balmorhea.
Una suspensión de la inyección de agua implicaría elevados costos a las compañías petroleras, que tendrán que transportar el agua fuera del sitio a través de tuberías o incluso por camiones cisterna.
Sam, el residente de Midland, dice que los sismos generan reacciones divididas entre la gente.
«Los viejos se quejan un poco de los terremotos. ¡Pero los jóvenes nunca! Las tres cuartas partes viven del petróleo«.
«Incluso cuando hay olor al sulfuro de hidrógeno que emiten los pozos, dicen que huele a dinero«.
Por: Agencia
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