Un nuevo test de extrema sensibilidad desarrollado en un hospital español es capaz de detectar anticuerpos contra el COVID-19 hasta ahora invisibles en pacientes que superaron el virus y que, aparentemente, no habían generado inmunidad alguna.
A partir de una punción digital, la innovadora prueba ha sido diseñada por los investigadores de Hematología e Inmunología del Hospital General de Alicante: Fabián Tarín, Francisco Marco y Paula Piñero como parte del Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante.
Este avance, publicado en la prestigiosa revista Scientific Reports, ha contado con la colaboración de la empresa Vitro Diagnóstica y del Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Incliva de Valencia.
“Hasta la fecha teníamos constancia de que un porcentaje minoritario de personas con infección probada (en torno al 5 %), sobre todo leves, asintomáticos o inmunodeprimidos, no parecían desarrollar anticuerpos y probablemente permanecían desprotegidos ante una eventual reinfección”, comentó Tarín.
Esta técnica, más sensible que las convencionales, desveló que “casi la mitad de estos pacientes poseen anticuerpos en pequeñas cantidades, invisibles para otras técnicas, y por lo tanto podrían tener cierta protección frente al SARS-CoV-2”.
La detección de estas tasas bajas de anticuerpos que son indetectables en otros test supone una información valiosa para la estrategia médica de estos pacientes que, en realidad, podrían estar protegidos en caso de volverse a contagiar, detalla EFE.
El trabajo de Tarín, Marco y Piñero se sustenta en las líneas celulares obtenidas por ingeniería genética en los laboratorios de la entidad estatal española Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) y se basa en una prueba conocida como citometría de flujo que solamente necesita un microlitro de sangre extraída del dedo.
Francisco Marco, vocal de la Sociedad Española de Inmunología, destacó que el test visualiza un tipo de anticuerpo “esencial”, de tipo IgA, que permanece hasta ocho meses después de la infección en la gran mayoría de pacientes y que constituye la primera barrera frente al virus.
Esto es así porque se sitúa en mucosas como la saliva o leche materna, donde es capaz de bloquear los gérmenes para evitar la infección.
El científico alertó, en todo caso, de que no hay que bajar la guardia, debido a que la presencia de los anticuerpos no garantiza al individuo una protección indefinida frente al virus y sus nuevas variantes.
Aun considerando estas cautelas, Paula Piñero aseguró que los primeros resultados obtenidos hasta ahora en pacientes vacunados “indican que los pacientes inoculados con las diferentes vacunas presentan una respuesta vigorosa”.
La mayor capacidad de detectar anticuerpos por parte del test podría ser especialmente útil para investigar el grado de protección en pacientes inmunodeprimidos u oncológicos, que teóricamente desarrollan respuestas inmunológicas más débiles, estando más desprotegidos y expuestos a las formas graves de infección.
Por: Agencias / Foto: Cortesía
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