El showman del mundo de la tecnología lo hizo de nuevo. Elon Musk, el magnate detrás de empresas como Tesla y SpaceX, volvió a generar gran expectativa dentro de la industria a partir del anuncio del Tesla Bot, el robot humanoide o androide que esperan comercializar en el futuro y del que presentarían un prototipo funcional en 2022.
La verdad es que el supuesto robot que bailó e hizo acrobacias en un escenario durante la presentación no era en realidad un producto tecnológico. Se trataba de un hombre que estaba disfrazado.
Musk sí adelantó que el androide que están desarrollando sería funcional y podría reemplazar al ser humano para cumplir “tareas difíciles, repetitivas o aburridas”.
Parece ser que ya la humanidad llegó al punto en el que se empieza a hablar de robots que parecen humanos e incluso estarían en principio diseñados para llevar a cabo tareas cotidianas o complicadas. Y se trata de una realidad que genera muchas preguntas e inquietudes. Varias de estas tienen que ver con la utilidad de los robots humanoides, la pertinencia de su desarrollo, la realidad de los avances tecnológicos y la democratización de un mercado que pareciera ser exclusivo para los más pudientes.
EL TIEMPO consultó con expertos a partir del anuncio de Elon Musk y lo que esto significa para la industria comercial de la robótica.
Alejandro Serna, CEO y fundador del Instituto Colombiano de Robótica Avanzada (Icra), advierte que es muy probable que la fecha que se fijó Tesla para la presentación del prototipo del Tesla Bot no sea lograble. “Se ve muy prematuro como para que el próximo año ya tengan un prototipo funcional”, dijo Serna.
Otro de los cuestionamientos que hizo el experto tiene que ver con la utilidad de un robot humanoide en la actualidad. Dijo que, a pesar de que Elon Musk explicó que el Tesla Bot podría completar con éxito las tareas repetitivas y cotidianas, una máquina con forma de humano no siempre es la mejor solución para ese fin.
Póngase a pensar en los robots que ya están en cientos de miles de hogares en el mundo. Estos no tienen forma de humano ni nada parecido, pero sí suplen tareas cotidianas como barrer, trapear o limpiar el polvo.
Y es en este punto en el que surge la siguiente pregunta: ¿es la configuración anatómica del humano la más eficiente para llevar a cabo las tareas diarias? Los robots barredores, por ejemplo, son pequeñas plataformas circulares con un sistema tecnológico y una estructura física diseñada para cumplir la tarea de desplazarse en varias direcciones de manera autónoma.
Es un gran ejemplo que demuestra que la salida más efectiva de la robótica es diseñar una máquina que supla cierta tarea, sin que sea necesario que su apariencia se parezca a la de los humanos. Incluso, el experto también aseguró que la eficacia puede aumentar si se cambian ciertos rasgos físicos que limitan a los humanos y podrían afectar la funcionalidad de las máquinas (como la cantidad de dedos en las manos o algo tan básico como la necesidad de ponerle dos ojos a un robot).
Alain Bismark, quien tiene más de 20 años de experiencia en el desarrollo de sistemas tecnológicos y es actual vicepresidente de la consultora KPMG, habló con este diario y puso en tela de juicio el afán de la industria por crear un robot que parezca un humano.
Bismark explicó que las características físicas pasan a un segundo plano cuando la eficacia de un sistema tecnológico es lo más importante. Y allí surgen una infinidad de dudas alrededor de los desarrollos actuales. ¿Qué tan avanzada está la inteligencia artificial como para que un robot llegue a pensar como un humano y pueda desempeñar las tareas que solo una persona puede llevar a cabo, gracias a su capacidad física e intelectual? Esa es una de las principales preocupaciones del experto.
¿Son necesarios?
Los alcances de los androides aún no se conocen. Hasta el momento no se ha encontrado una verdadera necesidad que solo pueda suplirse con un robot humanoide.
Sin embargo, el experto Alejandro Serna sugirió que los androides podrían aportar mucho en el rescate de personas después de terremotos y tragedias naturales. Incluso, en algún punto, podrían convertirse en instrumentos importantes para enfrentamientos bélicos.
Pero para que cualquier desarrollo tecnológico de esta magnitud funcione hay que pensar en otros aspectos. Bismark puso de ejemplo a Japón para reflejar la infraestructura y reglamentación necesarias que deben existir en un país para que los androides puedan tener un aporte significativo en cada contexto.
Se hacen necesarias ciertas licencias para que un robot pueda operar como encargado de la seguridad de un establecimiento público, cuidando a menores de edad o a personas de la tercera edad y desempeñando más funciones de gran aporte social.
Aún estamos, mínimo, a uno o dos años de tener el primer robot humanoide comercial en el mercado y sus precios continúan siendo una incógnita.
Bismark sugirió que lo más probable es que este mercado se vaya democratizando con el tiempo, a medida que avanzan los desarrollos tecnológicos, pero que se trata de un largo camino por recorrer.
En ese sentido, explicó que anuncios como el de Elon Musk y los desarrollos importantes y avanzados que tiene Boston Dynamics en robótica van moviendo de a poquito un mercado que empieza a despertarse y que seguramente protagonizará la carrera tecnológica de las empresas privadas y las naciones del mundo en los próximos años.
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