lunes, junio 17

La OMS endurece las reglas sobre la contaminación del aire

La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) tornó más severos este miércoles los límites de contaminación del aire, una de las mayores amenazas para la salud humana, que provoca anualmente siete millones de muertes prematuras, especialmente en los países con menos recursos.

Es la primera vez desde 2005 que la OMS actualiza estos criterios y se dirige a los mayores contaminadores del mundo para que los respeten, con el fin de “proteger el medioambiente, reducir el sufrimiento y salvar vidas”, en palabras de su director general, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus.

Nuevos datos han demostrado “cómo la contaminación atmosférica afecta a todas las partes del cuerpo, desde el cerebro hasta el bebé en crecimiento en el vientre materno, y en concentraciones aún más bajas que las observadas anteriormente”, añadió el director general, en una conferencia de prensa.

No hay nada más esencial para la vida que el aire. Y sin embargo, a causa de la contaminación atmosférica, el simple hecho de respirar provoca 7 millones de muertes al año”, principalmente por enfermedades no transmisibles, añadió.

La OMS ha rebajado los límites tolerados para los contaminadores considerados clásicos: las partículas en suspensión, el ozono, el dióxido de nitrógeno, el dióxido de azufre y el monóxido de carbono.

Las nuevas normas no son de cumplimiento obligatorio pero sí dan a los países un marco para proteger mejor a su población.

La OMS calcula que la contaminación del aire y la de ciertos espacios cerrados provocan anualmente siete millones de muertes prematuras, debido a enfermedades no transmisibles.

Amenaza medioambiental

La contaminación del aire es una amenaza para la salud en todos los países, pero golpea especialmente a las poblaciones de los países con escasos recursos”, dijo Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus.

En estos países, se registran crecientes niveles de contaminación atmosférica impulsada por una urbanización a gran escala y un desarrollo económico que se basa sobre todo en la utilización de combustibles fósiles.

Para Hans Henri Kluge, director de la OMS para Europa, “el aire puro debería ser un derecho humano fundamental y una condición necesaria para la salud y la productividad de las sociedades”.

Sin embargo, aunque la calidad del aire haya mejorado un poco durante las tres últimas décadas, millones de personas siguen muriendo prematuramente, a menudo en poblaciones más vulnerables o marginadas”, lamentó en el comunicado.

Y con el cambio climático, la contaminación del aire es, según la OMS, una de las principales amenazas medioambientales para la salud.

En el caso de los niños, la contaminación atmosférica podría impedir el desarrollo correcto de los pulmones, provocar infecciones respiratorias y agravar el asma. En los adultos las muertes prematuras vinculadas a la contaminación de la atmósfera están asociadas a cardiopatías y accidentes vasculares.

La OMS indica que nuevos datos muestran que la contaminación del aire exterior también puede provocar diabetes y enfermedades neurodegenerativas.

90% de la población se ve afectada

La contaminación atmosférica provoca riesgos para la salud tan importantes como los causados por la mala alimentación o el tabaco.

En 2019, más de un 90% de la población mundial vivía en regiones donde la contaminación supera los niveles fijados por la OMS en 2005 con respecto a la exposición prolongada a las partículas finas PM2,5 (cuyo diámetro es inferior a los 2,5 micrómetros).

En 2019, las regiones del sureste asiático y del Mediterráneo oriental eran los lugares del mundo donde se registraban mayores concentraciones anuales de PM2,5 en relación al número de habitantes.

Estas micropartículas pueden penetrar profundamente en los pulmones y también en el sistema circulatorio. Las partículas finas provienen esencialmente de la combustión del carburante en diferentes sectores, como los transportes, la energía, la industria y la agricultura.

En los lugares cerrados, el uso de combustibles sólidos y de queroseno en las cocinas, la combustión de tabaco y otro tipo de combustiones son factores importantes de contaminación atmosférica.

Por Agencia

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