La industria automóvil sigue sufriendo la escasez de chips electrónicos, con una producción ralentizada y fábricas detenidas, pero confía en que el horizonte se empiece a despejar a finales de 2021.
Tanto constructores como proveedores de equipo del sector presentaron hasta ahora unos resultados semestrales mejores de lo esperado, pero todavía frenados por la escasez de estos semiconductores.
Estas piezas, indispensables para ensamblar unos vehículos cada vez más informatizados, son difíciles de encontrar desde finales de 2020.
Aunque los clientes vuelven poco a poco a los concesionarios, Mercedes o BMW tuvieron que suspender temporalmente la actividad en varias fábricas.
Jaguar-Land Rover advirtió que esta escasez podría reducir a la mitad sus ventas en el tercer trimestre.
Y el jueves, el gigante Volkswagen señaló que el riesgo de bloqueo y perturbación en el abastecimiento de semiconductores “se intensificó en el sector” y, en consecuencia, redujo su pronóstico de ventas.
“Hemos conseguido limitar las consecuencias de estos obstáculos hasta ahora”, señaló el director financiero del grupo alemán, Arno Antlitz. “Pero anticipamos efectos más pronunciados en el tercer trimestre”, advirtió.
En el pico de la crisis
Ford también cerró temporalmente algunas fábricas, aunque se benefició de la fuerte demanda por sus coches, camionetas y camiones para “optimizar los ingresos y los beneficios”, ofreciendo menos promociones y centrándose en los modelos más rentables.
Así, el precio medio en Norteamérica aumentó un 14% interanual.
La escasez de chips obligó a Nissan a retrasar la salida de su nuevo ‘crossover’ 100% eléctrico Ariya, aunque la marca nipona no ha modificado su objetivo anual de ventas.
Y Tesla, que se ha visto frenada por la escasez de airbags y cinturones, concibió programas para utilizar nuevos compuestos, señaló el lunes su dirigente Elon Musk.
Esta crisis “ha llegado a su pico”, asegura a la AFP el director del Centro de Investigación del Automóvil, Ferdinand Dudenhöffer.
“La situación va a mejorar a medida que las nuevas capacidades de producción estén disponibles, pero el problema no estará resuelto a finales de 2021 y podría prolongarse hasta 2023. Seguirá habiendo un riesgo en la cadena de abastecimiento”, advirtió.
El experto prevé un total de 5,2 millones de vehículos “perdidos” en 2021 y un fuerte descenso de las matriculaciones en el segundo trimestre, con mayores tiempos de espera y precios más caros para los clientes.
Esta escasez también tiene consecuencias en el mercado de vehículos de ocasión, que igualmente se encarecen por el aumento de la demanda.
El proveedor de equipos Valeo, que utiliza 50.000 millones de compuestos electrónicos al año para sus sistemas de ayuda a la conducción y de iluminación entre otros, consiguió no interrumpir su producción, trasladando compuestos desde sus fábricas mejor equipadas.
“Cada vez que se presentaban compuestos electrónicos, decidíamos comprarlos y almacenarlos”, señaló el director financiero de la compañía, Robert Charvier, a los periodistas.
Valeo prevé que la crisis se atenúe pero siga en 2022.
Revisar la cadena de suministro
En una industria donde la logística está calculada casi al minuto, “proveedores de equipos y constructores están reevaluando su cadena de suministro para controlarla mejor, diversificando sus fuentes si es posible”, analiza Nils Poel, del sindicato europeo de proveedores de equipos.
“Algunos constructores se coordinan mejor con sus proveedores. Otros les meten presión”, señala.
Para la profesora de economía de la escuela de negocios EM Normandie, Mathilde Aubry, el sector automóvil podría “salirse mejor parado” que otros y “no ser el que más tiempo sufra”.
El gobierno estadounidense prevé invertir 52.000 millones de dólares para depender menos de Asia.
Europa trata de repatriar la producción de los chips miniaturizados, esenciales en “sectores ultraestratégicos vinculados a la sanidad y la seguridad”, dice Aubry.
El sector automóvil deberá vigilar otra eventual escasez, previene Dudenhöffer. La explosión imprevista de ventas de vehículos eléctricos desde 2020 puede hacer que las células de las baterías comiencen a escasear a partir de 2023.
Por: Agencia
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