Quienes tratan de buscar un futuro mejor en otro país, aunque no haya vías legales para hacerlo, no entienden de aduanas, pero el cierre de fronteras impuesto por la pandemia ha creado más problemas para la migración y causado crisis humanitarias como la que hay en la frontera colombo-panameña.
En la última semana se ha informado de entre 10.000 y 15.000 personas represadas en Necoclí, primer punto de la travesía por el Darién, la peligrosa selva que separa a Colombia de Centroamérica.
Este municipio caribeño está en el este del golfo de Urabá y de ahí los migrantes, en su mayoría haitianos, toman lanchas que los llevan al otro lado, a Capurganá, donde emprenden – de la mano de traficantes en la mayoría de casos – la ruta por la selva hasta Panamá, con la intención de llegar a México, Estados Unidos o Canadá.
En meses pasados solían cruzar unos 300 o 400 migrantes dos o tres días a la semana, pero desde hace días las lanchas, con capacidad para entre 50 y 60 pasajeros, hacen varios viajes en los que llevan diariamente a unos 800 migrantes cuatro o cinco días a la semana.
«Es un número que en la historia reciente no se ha visto; el municipio está desbordado y se necesita un plan humanitario binacional entre Colombia y Panamá para poder responder», dijo a Efe la directora para Colombia del Consejo Noruego de Refugiados (NRC, en inglés), Dominika Arseniuk.
18.000 unidades de Bienestarina Líquida llegaron a #Necoclí para atender la emergencia que vive el municipio. Con este alimento complementario, desarrollado por @ICBFColombia, niños/as podrán recibir una comida nutricional fortificada con vitaminas y minerales#ICBFEnLasRegiones pic.twitter.com/UaPhpFSYsw
— Lina María Arbeláez (@linaarbelaez) July 31, 2021
Situación empeorada por la COVID-19
La llegada de migrantes a Necoclí y Capurganá no es nueva. Antes lo hacían por Turbo y Acandí, dos pueblos cercanos, pero desde hace unos años esta ruta es prioritaria.
Las cifras de los que pasan por allí varían según las autoridades panameñas o colombianas, pero coinciden en que en 2020 en medio de la pandemia cayeron drásticamente, antes de volver a dispararse este año.
Hasta 2016, la mayoría eran asiáticos o africanos, pero entre ese año y 2020 aumentó el número de cubanos y desde 2018 predominan los haitianos, muchos de ellos familias completas, incluidas embarazadas y bebés, procedentes de Chile y Brasil, donde residían hasta que la situación económica los hizo migrar de nuevo.
Según Migración Colombia, más de 25.000 extranjeros, la mayoría haitianos, han entrado este año al país irregularmente, mientras que Panamá contabiliza más de 32.000 (el 80 % haitianos). En 2019 Colombia contabilizó menos de 18.000 y en 2020 apenas 4.000.
«La pandemia ha tenido un impacto impresionante en términos de control migratorio«, explica a Efe Donna Cabrera, especialista en migración de la Pontificia Universidad Javeriana.
La grave situación de migrantes que hoy tenemos en #Necoclí solo la podemos superar UNIDOS. Por eso aquí estamos, con toda la institucionalidad y el Gobierno Nacional, buscando soluciones integrales al problema estructural que hay detrás de esta crisis humanitaria. pic.twitter.com/KE52k9bi0v
— Luis Fernando Suárez Vélez (@LuisFSuarezV) July 31, 2021
Lo que antes era un flujo más o menos constante de personas se ha alterado por las cuarentenas o la imposibilidad de usar medios de transporte en ciertos periodos de tiempo.
«Estos son factores que están explicando esta variación en lo que se llama pico sobre el tránsito de migrantes al interior de Colombia y particularmente en lo que está sucediendo ahora«, asegura Cabrera.
Colombia mantuvo sus fronteras terrestres, marítimas y fluviales cerradas desde el comienzo de la pandemia y las reabrió a finales de mayo, lo que también puede haber aumentado el flujo de migrantes.
Antes de la pandemia, Colombia emitía un salvoconducto para que los migrantes pudieran transitar por su territorio y salir de él en 30 días en una situación regular, pero con el cierre dejaron de emitirlos y aunque se reabrieron las fronteras este sistema no se ha reanudado.
«En este momento no les están dando salvoconductos«, explica a Efe Emigdio Partúz, representante legal del Consejo Comunitario de Acandí (Cocomanorte), que tiene gran influencia en el engranaje del tránsito de migrantes.
Cocomanorte quiere que las autoridades subsanen la situación porque «se supone que todo aquel que preste un servicio a un migrante irregular está cometiendo un delito«, y personas de la comunidad han sido denunciadas por tráfico de personas por «guiar» a los migrantes a través de la selva.
Ruta difícil
Colombia y Panamá tienen la única frontera de todo el continente que no está unida por carretera o una vía transitable. Les separa una frondosa selva peligrosa por la fauna, las inclemencias climáticas y, sobre todo, por quienes se aprovechan de ella.
La ausencia de instituciones del Estado del lado colombiano es evidente y la zona, estratégica para el narcotráfico, está a expensas de grupos armados.
«Algunos migrantes denunciaron mafias que les venden paquetes turísticos para hacer el recorrido desde Ipiales en Nariño (sur del país) con costos que llegan a los 300 dólares para pasar la frontera«, denunció el defensor del Pueblo, Carlos Camargo.
Por su parte, Arseniuk asegura que se ha «notado la presencia de traficantes en los pasos informales entre Colombia y Panamá, que amenazan la vida de cientos de personas«.
#Internacionales Histórica cifra de migrantes en su mayoría provenientes de Cuba, Haití, Africa y Asia se encuentran varados en Necoclí, Colombia, buscando llegar a Canadá y EE. UU. a través de la selva de Darién en Panamá.
— Radio Chiriquí (@RadioChiriqui) July 31, 2021
Los migrantes enfrentan además violaciones de sus derechos en la selva: desde robos y extorsiones a abusos sexuales, y al no haber números precisos sobre quienes la cruzan no se sabe tampoco cuántos se pierden en ella.
Seis de cada diez personas que llegan a Puerto Obaldía (Panamá), tienen problemas de salud como gastrointestinales, de piel o respiratorios, según la Cruz Roja panameña.
Esta semana, los dos Gobiernos recordaron «la necesidad de coordinar el paso seguro«, pero la selva del Darién sigue siendo una de las partes más peligrosas de la ruta migratoria americana.EFE
Por: Agencia
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