Cuatro investigadores franceses descifraron una carta escrita en 1547 por Carlos V a su embajador en Francia, un «excepcional» descubrimiento que aporta luz sobre las relaciones entre el Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico y el reino dirigido por Francisco I.
Para lograr esta proeza de descifrar cinco siglos más tarde una sucesión de símbolos «ininteligibles» fueron necesarios seis meses de trabajo de criptógrafos en el laboratorio lorenés de investigaciones en informática (LORIA), asociados con una historiadora de la universidad de Picardía, explicaron los expertos el miércoles en Nancy (este de Francia).
La misiva, olvidada desde hacía siglos, se encontraba en la colección de la biblioteca municipal Stanislas de Nancy. Cécile Pierrot, criptógrafa del LORIA, escuchó hablar por primera vez en 2019 de una «carta encriptada» de Carlos V, también Carlos I de España (1500-1558), por azar durante una cena.
La investigadora pensó que se trataba de una leyenda, pero cuando dos años después le volvieron a mencionar la existencia de ese documento, quiso saber más.
A finales de 2021 vio por primera vez la misteriosa e incomprensible carta que lleva la firma del emperador y está dirigida a su embajador Jean de Saint-Mauris.
Comenzó entonces el trabajo para descifrarla. Cécile Pierrot analizó largamente la misiva y clasificó por «familias distintas» los cerca de 120 símbolos utilizados por Carlos V. Luego contó cuántas veces aparecía cada uno y observó las combinaciones que podrían repetirse.
Código diabólico
Junto a otros dos investigadores del laboratorio, Pierrick Gaudry y Paul Zimmermann, decidieron recurrir a la informática para «acelerar» el trabajo. No se trató de inteligencia artificial, sino de seres humanos que «plantearon las preguntas correctas al ordenador«, señaló la criptógrafa.
Avanzaron «de a pequeños pasos», porque el código utilizado por Carlos V es diabólico. Además del número importante de símbolos, «palabras enteras están encriptadas con un sólo símbolo» y vocales precedidas de una consonante están marcadas con diacríticos, una inspiración probablemente venida del árabe, explicó Cécile Pierrot.
Otro elemento desconcertante es que el emperador utilizó «símbolos nulos«, que no quieren decir nada y sirven para inducir a error al adversario que intentase descifrar el mensaje.
La revelación llegó finalmente en junio cuando Pierrot logró aislar una sucesión de palabras en la carta.
Para ello, los tres criptógrafos de Nancy convocaron a Camille Desenclos, especialista tanto en criptografía como en relaciones entre Francia y el Sacro Imperio Germánico en el siglo XVI.
La historiadora les ayudó a encajar las piezas del rompecabezas, al contextualizar la carta para entender mejor las alusiones.
«Piedra Rosetta»
Los investigadores utilizaron también una verdadera «piedra Rosetta«: una carta de Jean de Saint-Mauris conservada en Besançon (este de Francia), en la que el destinatario escribió al margen «una forma de transcripción» que descifra una carta que le había enviado el embajador, detalló Pierrot.
Una vez descifrada, la carta «confirma el estado bastante degradado» en 1547 de las relaciones entre Francisco I de Francia y el emperador del Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico Carlos V, que sin embargo habían firmado un tratado de paz apenas tres años antes, explicó Camille Desenclos.
A pesar de esta paz, los dos soberanos mantenían una «desconfianza» recíproca «extremadamente fuerte» y buscaban «debilitarse» mutuamente, agregó.
Hay otra información relevada por la carta descifrada: «Un rumor de complot para asesinar a Carlos V que se tramaba en Francia«, contó Desenclos, precisando hasta ahora que «no se sabía gran cosa» de eso, que nunca llegó a concretarse.
En la misiva a su embajador, Carlos V se refiere también a la situación de su imperio y su «estrategia política y militar«: el recurso a una correspondencia encriptada le permitía «disimular» esas informaciones ante sus adversarios.
Los investigadores esperan ahora poder identificar otras cartas del emperador y su embajador en Europa «para tener una foto de la estrategia de Carlos V» en el Viejo Continente.
Por: Agencia
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