Diez años después de la muerte del líder de Al Qaeda Osama bin Laden, la organización aún supone una amenaza para Afganistán, algo que no ha evitado que Estados Unidos haya decido retirar sus tropas del país tras dos décadas de guerra.
Estados Unidos invadió Afganistán en octubre de 2001 tras los ataques del 11 de septiembre, después de que los talibanes se negaran a entregar a Bin Laden, que se encontraba bajo su protección en territorio afgano, y ha liderado desde entonces una guerra que ha dejado decenas de miles de víctimas entre afganos y extranjeros.
El presidente estadounidense, Joe Biden, anunció a mediados de abril que el país retirará sus 3.500 efectivos restantes de Afganistán antes del simbólico 11 de septiembre de este año.
Biden afirmó que se completó el objetivo de matar a Osama bin Laden hace diez años en Pakistán, a donde huyó el líder yihadista tras la invasión estadounidense, y aclaró que la amenaza terrorista de Al Qaeda en el país ha “evolucionado”.
“Es la hora de acabar con la guerra más larga de Estados Unidos”, dijo.
Amenaza en Afganistan
Pero tanto el Gobierno afgano como la comunidad internacional han advertido que el grupo yihadista continúa siendo una amenaza para Afganistán y podría aumentar su presencia cuando Estados Unidos y sus aliados salgan del país.
Además el supuesto líder de Al Qaeda en la actualidad, el egipcio Ayman al Zawahiri, de 70 años, podría encontrarse escondido en algún lugar en la frontera entre Afganistán y Pakistán, o, como sucedió en su día con Bin Laden, en alguna ciudad paquistaní.
“Al analizar el hecho de que Osama vivía y lo mataron en Pakistán, Zawahiri también podría vivir y esconderse en algún lugar de Pakistán, pero no hay indicios claros ni pruebas disponibles al respecto”, reconoció a Efe el analista afgano Habib Khan Totakhail.
Las fuerzas de seguridad afganas han lanzado múltiples operaciones contra Al Qaeda en el último año y medio, acabando con decenas de miembros del grupo incluyendo importantes líderes.
Entre ellos se incluye Asim Omar, el líder de Al Qaeda para el subcontinente indio muerto en 2019, o Abu Mohsin al-Masri, cercano a Osama bin Laden y que estaba completamente al tanto de los ataques del 11 de septiembre.
En los últimos siete meses, 42 militantes de la organización han muerto en operaciones de las fuerzas de seguridad, según datos del Ejército afgano.
El Gobierno del país asiático mantiene además que miembros de Al Qaeda han estado trabajando como expertos en explosivos para los talibanes fabricando bombas o enseñando a hacerlo.
“Miembros de Al Qaeda siguen en Afganistán y se han incorporado a las filas de los talibanes”, dijo a Efe Rahmatullah Andar, el portavoz de la principal agencia de inteligencia afgana, el Directorio Nacional de Seguridad (NDS).
Andar afirmó que “se encuentran en movimiento y sufren muchas bajas”, por lo que es difícil dar un número de efectivos de Al Qaeda en Afganistán, aunque entre sus rangos figuran chechenos, paquistaníes, árabes y otros venidos de Asia central.
De acuerdo con un informe publicado en junio de 2020 por Naciones Unidas, miembros de Al Qaeda y “altos dirigentes” siguen “activos de forma secreta” en 12 de las 24 provincias del país asiático.
La ONU estimó su presencia entre 400 y 600 combatientes armados, y además afirmó que los talibanes consultaron regularmente con líderes de la formación yihadista durante sus negociaciones con Estados Unidos.
Los talibanes llegaron a reunirse con Hamza bin Laden, hijo de Osama bin Laden, en 2019 en la provincia sureña de Helmand para “asegurarle personalmente que el Emirato Islámico (como se autodenomina la formación insurgente) no rompería sus lazos históricos con Al Qaeda por ningún precio”.
EEUU anunció en septiembre de ese mismo año la muerte de Hamza bin Laden, considerado entonces como uno de los líderes de Al Qaeda.
“Los talibanes están protegiendo y dando cobijo a este grupo terrorista, y sus números aumentarán cuando los talibanes tengan más margen de maniobra”, advirtió Andar.
Washington se compromete a continuar la lucha
Frente a la posible amenaza de un resurgir de Al Qaeda, EE.UU. seguirá vigilante, afirmó el comandante del Ejército estadounidense y de la OTAN en Afganistán, el general Austin “Scott” Miller, durante un encuentro con periodistas hace una semana en Kabul.
“Los talibanes deben romper la relación (con Al Qaeda), se han comprometido a ello y el mundo así lo espera”, dijo Miller, cuyas tropas comenzaron esta semana la retirada del país.
Pero a pesar de las promesas de EEUU, algunos analistas piensan que la retirada es irresponsable y se produce a pesar de no haber cumplido con los objetivos de la invasión de Afganistán.
“Por desgracia, Estados Unidos y sus aliados no han conseguido sus objetivos (…), especialmente la lucha contra el terrorismo y en particular Al Qaeda. Hoy, además de Al Qaeda, hay más de veinte grupos terroristas en Afganistán”, dijo a Efe Jamal Behishti, miembro del comité de asuntos extranjeros del Parlamento afgano.
“Al Qaeda es una amenaza no solo para Afganistán sino para todo el mundo”, recordó, antes de calificar la retirada estadounidense de “irresponsable”.
Los talibanes han negado categóricamente la presencia de Al Qaeda y otros grupos terroristas en el país afgano.
“Rechazo la presencia de combatientes de Al Qaeda en Afganistán, porque tras la invasión de 2001 abandonaron el país y la mayoría encontró refugio en países árabes. Actualmente, no hay ningún miembro de Al Qaeda en Afganistán”, dijo a Efe el principal portavoz de los talibanes, Zabihullah Mujahid.
“Todas las informaciones a este respecto son propaganda para continuar la guerra y preparar el terreno para la presencia de fuerzas extranjeras en Afganistán”, zanjó.
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