El lago de Maracaibo es, en muchos sentidos, el hogar más improbable para una floreciente industria camaronera. Después de un siglo de incesantes perforaciones petroleras, muchas de las cuales se llevaron a cabo de manera imprudente y desordenada en los últimos años, su superficie está manchada por manchas de petróleo y obstruida por plataformas oxidadas que se elevan hacia el cielo.
Sin embargo, es apropiado que sea aquí, a la sombra del lago que produjo cientos de miles de millones de dólares para las arcas del Estado y una vez convirtió a Venezuela en una de las naciones más ricas de la Tierra, donde se presenta una imagen de la economía del país posterior al petróleo comenzando a tomar forma, reseñó Bloomberg.
Las granjas camaroneras, grandes y pequeñas, están apareciendo por todas partes, convirtiendo las tierras bajas y propensas a inundaciones que conforman la cuenca de Maracaibo en un entramado de piscinas enormes en las que crecen los camarones de color naranja oscuro preferidos por los comensales en muchas partes de Europa y Asia.
Congelados rápidamente y empacados en buques de carga, los camarones se venden hasta 3 dólares por libra, lo suficiente para generar unos 150 millones de dólares el año pasado. Es posible que esto aún no coloque a Venezuela cerca de las filas de los principales productores de camarón del mundo (el más grande vende 20 veces más), pero es mucho dinero en una economía que se ha atrofiado a solo una cuarta parte de su tamaño hace una década. Y la industria está creciendo rápidamente, a un ritmo de alrededor del 30 % al año.
“Podemos producir sin parar”, dijo José Rincón, director comercial del mayor productor de Venezuela, Grupo Lamar. Como casi todos en la industria aquí, los funcionarios de Lamar se apresuran a señalar que sus piscinas están lejos de la contaminación por petróleo que ha dejado cicatrices en grandes extensiones del lago. Además, dice Rincón, el clima templado de la región durante todo el año mantiene el agua a la temperatura adecuada todo el tiempo. “Las condiciones climáticas del lago son posiblemente algunas de las mejores del mundo”.
Nada de esto estaría sucediendo si el petróleo siguiera siendo la fuerza dominante que solía ser en Venezuela. Con un bombeo de más de 3 millones de barriles por día, una cantidad enorme en un país de menos de 30 millones de habitantes, la industria energética estatal era tan lucrativa y poderosa que desplazaba a todas las demás exportaciones.
¿Quién necesitaba molestarse con los camarones, o cualquier otro producto, cuando tenías aceite? Pero luego, después de años de mala gestión, la producción colapsó. Hoy en día, la producción se ha reducido a menos de 1 millón de barriles por día, y la industria está tan deteriorada que, según los expertos, hay pocas posibilidades de que logre volver a sus días de gloria antes de que el mundo se aleje de los combustibles fósiles en las próximas décadas.
Las nuevas industrias de exportación representan una pieza clave del panorama postpetróleo en Venezuela, donde los ingresos ahora están tan deprimidos (los trabajadores manuales generalmente ganan poco más de 100 dólares por mes) que le dan al país una ventaja competitiva en los mercados internacionales. Además de camarones, también crecen las exportaciones de ron y cacao, y las empresas han comenzado a enviar al exterior envíos de frutas tropicales y, más recientemente, de ganado.
Las remesas que llegan de la nueva diáspora venezolana que huyó del país también están impulsando la economía, ayudando a impulsar la primera expansión en siete años en 2021. Dos claves para el cambio: la decisión de Nicolás Maduro de permitir que el dólar estadounidense reemplace al bolívar como principal medio de transacción en el país, que ayudó a sofocar la hiperinflación, y su decisión de permitir que empresas privadas como las que ahora exportan camarones operen con poca interferencia del Estado.
“Hay una oportunidad para los sectores no tradicionales que tienen capacidad de competir. Los costos laborales en Venezuela son bajos, un metro cuadrado en el campo es muy barato y la dolarización está facilitando las transacciones”, dijo el economista José Manuel Puente, profesor del Centro de Políticas Públicas del IESA, una escuela de negocios con sede en Caracas.
Los camaroneros establecieron la industria en la década de 1990, pero solo en los últimos cuatro años el negocio floreció. Este año, esperan que el crecimiento continúe a medida que invierten más de su propio capital y los ingresos de las ventas futuras en la expansión de la producción.
Con mucho, el mayor productor, Lamar es responsable de aproximadamente el 80 % de las exportaciones de camarones y emplea a unos 10.000 trabajadores. Justo al oeste de donde los perforadores extranjeros descubrieron petróleo por primera vez en Venezuela en 1914, cientos de empleados de Lamar están construyendo enormes estanques rectangulares que esperan que aumenten la producción a casi el doble.
“Nuestro negocio nunca estuvo ligado a la actividad petrolera, siempre fue un negocio exportador”, dijo Oscar Uribarri, gerente general de planta de la empresa. Dijo que la crisis económica ha “abierto los ojos” de muchos empresarios para descubrir la fórmula exportadora. Asimismo, la dolarización ha estabilizado los costos, permitiéndoles ampliar su inversión.
Para ser claros, el petróleo no ha desaparecido totalmente de Maracaibo. Las empresas todavía están bombeando alrededor de 160.000 barriles por día. Y la región, que se extiende a lo largo de la frontera entre Venezuela y Colombia, está marcada por la catástrofe ambiental que la industria ha dejado atrás.
Es por eso que la industria camaronera enfatiza los pasos que toma para seguir estrictos estándares internacionales de higiene y calidad, tratando las aguas con probióticos, recirculando y probándola constantemente para asegurarse de que las condiciones se mantengan óptimas. No se utilizan antibióticos.
“Se trata de calidad. Mientras nuestro producto siga ingresando a los mercados internacionales, vamos a seguir creciendo”, dijo César Labarca, gerente de planta de otro productor, Confremarca.
El año pasado, la compañía inauguró una nueva planta de procesamiento, una de las más grandes de América Latina, con capacidad para procesar aproximadamente 450.000 libras de camarón por día, utilizando maquinaria moderna.
Los camarones vienen recién salidos de la cosecha en contenedores gigantes llenos de hielo. Después de seleccionarlos, pesarlos, examinarlos y congelarlos, se empaquetan en cajas de 53 libras marcadas con códigos QR para controles de trazabilidad y se envían directamente al puerto de Europa, EEUU y, más recientemente, Asia. La industria también está trabajando para obtener la certificación para las ventas en Rusia.
Otras plantas están agregando valor al incorporar estaciones de pelado con cientos de trabajadores que extraen cáscaras y verifican fallas.
La industria ha desafiado sus circunstancias. Un viaje al estado de Zulia, que abarca Maracaibo, proporciona un crudo recordatorio de las profundidades de la rutina económica. En medio de un calor sofocante, los residentes se sientan en sus patios delanteros, juegan juegos de mesa, se quejan de los apagones regulares y del creciente problema de delincuencia.
La proximidad a Colombia lo ha convertido en un foco de migración, con familias que recogen y huyen en cualquier momento, dejando sus hogares abandonados. Las empresas cuelgan carteles de “se vende” en el frente. Pero nadie está comprando. El área está tan vacía que reina un silencio espeluznante, roto solo por el rugido ocasional de la policía y los camiones que transportan cargas de camarones.
En medio de kilómetros de propiedades vacías y en ruinas, se destacan las instalaciones de procesamiento de camarones, flanqueadas por lotes con mucha vegetación. Son modernos, relucientes y parecen extrañamente fuera de lugar, especialmente cuando pasa ocasionalmente un carro tirado por burros para recoger la basura.
Reynaldo Zapata, de Confremarca, reconoce que la industria camaronera es un retoño poco probable. Dice que la industria ha perdido trabajadores por el éxodo y que las condiciones de vida en las áreas circundantes continúan deteriorándose.
“Somos como un pequeño oasis en medio de todo”, dijo.
Por Agencia
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