Actualmente, la pandemia del coronavirus tiene nombre propio: ómicron. Pero a la variante, que ya impera en casi todo el globo, le detectaron nuevos apellidos, BA.1, BA.2 y BA.3. Y de estas tres subvariantes, la segunda ha extremado el celo de epidemiólogos y microbiólogos hasta tal punto que incluso se le dedicaron un alias: ‘la ómicron sigilosa’.
La nomenclatura no es baladí, este nuevo genoma es capaz de escabullirse a los métodos de detección de mutaciones tradicionales y a pese a todo, ya se ha hecho hueco en 35 países del mundo, entre ellos, varios de Europa. Mientras los científicos de todo el mundo se esfuerzan en medir su fuerza, la probabilidad de que la subvariante sea detectada en España aumenta a cada día que pasa.
¿Dónde surgió y dónde se encuentra hasta ahora?
La subvariante BA.2 fue detectada por primera vez hace varias semanas en China durante la reconstrucción de la secuenciación genética de muestras de pacientes con Covid positivo, aunque muchos expertos señalan que el origen de la cepa podría proceder de la India. De nuevo, como ha ocurrido con otras variantes en el pasado, la capacidad de secuenciación de la república del centro asiático es muy baja si se compara con otros países como Dinamarca donde la ‘ómicron sigilosa’ ya representa el 35% de los nuevos contagios en la secuenciación de los últimos 10 días, reseñó 20minutos.
También en Europa, la Agencia de Seguridad Sanitaria del Reino Unido ha advertido este viernes que vigila muy de cerca el surgimiento de esta subvariante. Así, el Reino Unido-país con uno de los sistemas más desarrollados del el mundo en el estudio del genoma de agentes infecciosos- se suma una larga lista de naciones que han descubierto ésta mutación entre sus ciudadanos. Son: Suecia, Singapur, Australia, Canadá o Israel solo algunos de los ejemplos.
De hecho, este último reportó más de 20 casos de la denominada BA.2 hace unos días, pese a que el Ministerio de Salud israelí señaló que no existían evidencias de que la subvariante se comporte de distinta manera a la variante original. Y en Suecia, científicos del Laboratorio Académico de la ciudad de Upsala que detectaron tres casos de la misma mutación concluyeron un diagnóstico similar: los casos encontrados ya no eran contagiosos, según informó a principios de semana el canal local SVT Nyheter.
¿Es más peligrosa que la ómicron original?
De momento, la subvariante ha llamado más la atención por las numerosas mutaciones que acumula con respecto a la variante original, que por su virulencia. Aunque la ómicron inicial tampoco se caracteriza por ser más letal que sus antecesoras e igualmente su especialidad transmisora ensancha la base de contagiados elevando así la probabilidad de un curso grave de la enfermedad. Con todo, los países que han detectado hasta ahora el genoma coinciden en que todavía se necesitan más datos para saber si la ómicron BA.2 podría ser aún más trasmisible que la ómicron original, e incluso más violenta si cabe.
¿Cómo se producen las variantes y subvariantes?
El surgimiento de nuevas variantes no es nuevo. Desde el inicio de la pandemia, se han detectado variantes como alpha (Reino Unido, septiembre 2020), beta (Sudáfrica, mayo 2020) gamma (Brasil, noviembre 2020), delta (India, octubre 2020) y el pasado noviembre en Sudáfrica ómicron. Pero estas son solo las más conocidas y según la Organización Mundial de la Salud, pronto podrían surgir nuevas versiones.
A decir verdad, las mutaciones son algo natural en los seres vivos y los virus mutan al cambiar su información genética. Cuando se produce la infección, el virus se multiplica en las células humanas y copia su secuencia genética, pero durante este proceso a veces se crean errores de copia, lo que comúnmente se conoce como mutaciones. Si estas además son distintivas y frecuentes pasan a denominarse variantes, como delta u ómicron.
La propia OMS ya marcó en rojo la variante ómicron por su gran capacidad para generar mutaciones. El problema se agravaría si una de ellas es capaz de ser tan rápida en la transmisión como la variante ómicron original y tan letal en la enfermedad como la variante delta.
Por Agencia
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