En el desierto de Gobi, científicos chinos podrán en marcha este mes un reactor nuclear experimental que funcionará con torio, un elemento débilmente radiactivo, en lugar de uranio, informa la revista científica Nature, remitiéndose al gobierno de la provincia de Gansu.
Si la Academia de Ciencias china tiene éxito, su instalación piloto, de momento de pequeño tamaño y experimental, podría dar lugar al surgimiento de una energía nuclear más segura y más barata.
El isótopo torio-232 de origen natural no puede sufrir fisión, pero cuando se irradia en un reactor, absorbe neutrones para formar uranio-233, que es un material fisible que genera calor.
La planta utilizará sal fundida en lugar de agua. Se espera que su reactor nuclear sea más seguro que los tradicionales, alimentados con uranio, ya que la sal fundida se enfría y solidifica rápidamente al entrar en contacto con el aire, aislando así el torio. Por tanto, en caso de una hipotética fuga se minimizaría el nivel de radiación en el medio ambiente, sugiere un artículo en LiveScience.
El reactor piloto será pequeño, de tres metros de alto y 2,5 de ancho, y su capacidad será de dos megavatios, que permiten alimentar hasta 1.000 hogares típicos. Sin embargo, forma parte de un plan a más largo plazo para desarrollar una serie de pequeños reactores de sal fundida, cada uno con una capacidad de 100 MW, suficientes para suministrar energía a cientos de miles de hogares.
Dado que los reactores de torio no necesitan agua para enfriarse, podrían ser construidos incluso en regiones desérticas, lejos de las grandes ciudades. El torio es un producto residual de la minería de tierras raras, muy presentes en China, y por tanto constituye una alternativa atractiva al uranio de importación, según los científicos.
«El torio abunda muchísimo más que el uranio y por eso sería una tecnología muy útil dentro de 50 o 100 años«, lapso en el que se estima que los yacimientos conocidos de uranio queden agotados, sostuvo Lyndon Edwards, un experto de la Organización de Ciencia y Tecnología Nuclear australiana.
Los novedosos reactores se encuentran entre las «tecnologías perfectas» para ayudar a China a lograr su objetivo de cero emisiones de carbono para 2050, según el experto energético Jiang Kejun, del Instituto de Investigación Energética de la Comisión Nacional de Desarrollo y Reforma, con sede en Pekín.
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