El filme animado La Bella y la Bestia de Disney se estrenó el 13 de noviembre de 1991, hace 30 años, y recaudó más de 400 millones de dólares en todo el mundo. Fue la cinta más exitosa de aquel año y la primera película animada nominada al Oscar como Mejor Película, cuando no existía siquiera el Oscar para esta categoría.
Después del éxito de Blancanieves y los siete enanitos, en 1937, Walt Disney buscó otras historias para adaptarlas a sus largometrajes animados. Entonces pensó en La Bella y la Bestia, un proyecto que se intentó producir dos veces antes, en los años 30 y 50 del pasado siglo, pero en ambos casos los productores que retiraron el proyecto al no dar con el tratamiento del guion.
Cuentan que Disney se desanimó al ver la versión de la historia que hizo el director francés Jean Cocteau en 1946. Hubo que esperar hasta 1987, cuando Disney resucitó el proyecto para dar trabajo al estudio de animación recién abierto en Londres.
La realización de La Bella y la Bestia duró tres años y cuentan que sumó el trabajo de casi 600 animadores y más de 15 artistas para crear los casi mil 400 fondos; más los técnicos de efectos de ordenador, precisamente en unos años en que era toda nuevo.
La creación de personajes llevó su tiempo. Para Bella se intentó crear una heroína Disney distinta, con un aspecto más actual, más natural. Se le marcaron más los labios, también las cejas, mientras que los ojos se le acoplaron de un menor tamaño.
Para la Bestia se tomaron la melena de un león, la cabeza y barba de un búfalo, el hocico de un jabalí, las patas y la cola de un lobo y el cuerpo pesado y enorme de un gran oso.
Cuentan que, para conseguir que los movimientos de los personajes parecieran más reales, los dibujantes asistieron incluso a clases de baile para recrear la famosa escena en que la pareja protagonista baila un vals.
Cuento moralizante con dos autoras
Pero la historia de la Bella y la Bestia es mucho más de lo que han contado. Detrás de esta sorprendente historia hay dos mujeres escritoras, y nada menos que del siglo XVIII. Como es habitual, poco o nada conocidas.
Una de ellas fue Jeanne Marie Leprince de Beaumont, famosa por ser autora de la versión infantil. Una autora que escribió más de setenta libros. En uno de ellos, El almacén de los niños (1757), aparece su versión de La Bella y la Bestia que popularizó, una versión más corta y censurada que la historia original, porque iba destinada a ser un cuento moralizante para niños.
La idea la tomó a partir de la obra original de Gabrielle-Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve, mucho más extensa y escrita para adultos en la primera mitad de ese mismo siglo. Madame de Villeneuve fue una aristócrata francesa de la que no se sabe mucho, pues publicaba con sus iniciales y que, al enviudar, se quedó en la ruina y gracias a ello, empezó a escribir.
Como se sabe, Bella está retenida contra su voluntad en el castillo de Bestia. Al principio, la relación entre ellos es muy tensa y, en ciertos momentos de la película de Disney, hasta llegan a odiarse. Sin embargo, poco a poco, se van conociendo más y terminan enamorándose.
Al principio no se gustan pero construyen una peculiar amistad. Primera lección que dan: no proyectan ilusiones sobre la persona. Han visto lo peor de cada uno y, por tanto, dan lo mejor de ellos.
Al final, cuando Bella se encuentra con Bestia muriéndose, se lanza y abraza su cuerpo medio inerte, diciéndole que le ama.
Cuando sus lágrimas rozan el cuerpo de Bestia, este se transforma en el atractivo príncipe. Es entonces cuando él relata que un hada malvada lo convirtió en una Bestia y que solo encontrando el amor verdadero, con ese aspecto, podía romper el maleficio.
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