En marzo de 2018, una niña venezolana de apenas tres meses de nacida llegó de la mano de su madre a Colombia. Para agosto, la niña fue encontrada en deplorables condiciones y en estado de abandono por la Policía Nacional.
En diciembre de 2018, la Comisaría de Familia de Puerto Colombia en el Atlántico entregó a la niña, que solo cuenta con un certificado de nacida viva en Venezuela, a la abuela de manera provisional. La mujer acudió a una tutela para poder registrar a la menor de edad y poder legalizar su situación.
El caso fue examinado por la Corte Constitucional que indicó que no hubo nada irregular en la negativa que le dio la Registraduría a la abuela de la menor ya que el único documento necesario para el trámite deseado es el registro civil de nacimiento del país de origen y, en este caso, solo se cuenta con un certificado de nacido vivo.
Aún así, la Corte dijo que los derechos fundamentales de la menor de edad sí se encuentran en un estado de amenaza, cierta e inminente.
Lo anterior porque si bien el certificado de nacimiento “le garantiza materialmente su derecho a la personalidad jurídica, en principio, no es idóneo para acreditar formalmente dicho derecho, como tampoco su derecho a la nacionalidad”.
Además, se encontró que el trámite para el registro de la niña sí se inició en Venezuela y estaba en curso para el 5 de abril de 2018, pero se desconoce si el mismo se terminó. En ese sentido, la Corte no sabe «si la niña ya fue reconocida por el estado venezolano como su nacional».
«En cualquier evento, lo cierto es que la menor de edad actualmente no porta ningún documento de identidad que acredite formalmente su nacionalidad y su personalidad jurídica y su abuela insiste en que únicamente cuenta con el certificado de nacido vivo», dice el fallo.
Por esa razón, ante la situación de indeterminación, la situación de vulnerabilidad de la niña y de su familia «y la realidad política y diplomática que se vive en su país de nacimiento», la Corte falló en su favor.
“Pese a que los menores extranjeros e hijos de nacionales extranjeros no tienen derecho a la nacionalidad por nacimiento y no se les puede otorgar la nacionalidad por adopción de forma automática, respecto a ellos sí existe el deber constitucional, en cabeza del Estado, la familia y la sociedad, (…) de asistirlos y protegerlos para garantizarles el ejercicio pleno de sus derechos, entre estos, de su derecho a la nacionalidad”, indicó la Corte
El alto tribunal le dio cinco días al Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores para que de inicio a un trámite administrativo a través del cual debe verificar si la niña fue registrada de forma exitosa en Venezuela.
«Así mismo, debe valorar si es viable solicitar al Gobierno de Venezuela que proceda a registrar y reconocer como nacional suya a (la niña). La Sala estima pertinente, en este caso concreto, que sea el Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores el que determine la pertinencia de solicitar a Venezuela el registro de la menor, así como la vía apropiada para dar trámite a dicho requerimiento», dice el fallo.
Igualmente, el Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores debe determinar si la «menor de edad se encuentra en una situación de apatridia», así como declarar «la situación de apatridia de la menor cuando no sea posible corroborar que, en efecto, fue registrada en Venezuela o si no es posible gestionar su registro en dicho país».
Y, solo en ese escenario, valorar cuál es el mecanismo más idóneo para efectos de garantizarle a ella su derecho a la nacionalidad y, consecuentemente, su derecho a la personalidad jurídica, y dado el caso, facilite el proceso de naturalización en su beneficio.
Por Agencia
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